40. Evil-merodach (= Awel Marduk, = Amel Marduk), king, r. 561–560, 2 Kings 25:27, etc., in various inscriptions (ANET, p. 309; OROT, pp. Sanballat “I”, governor of Samaria under Persian rule, ca. I was wondering about “Azzur of Gibeon, father of Hananiah,” concerning whom you felt there is not enough evidence to include among the 53. I have set these reasons forth in detail in my book (IBP) and in summary form (in “Sixteen,” available free online at http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lib_research/150/ ), which are listed above under 21 David. Pashhur, father of Gedaliah the official, late 7th century, Jeremiah 38:1 and 34. I appreciate this opportunity to clarify that point. Many thanks for the citation in ZAW, Gene! “Impression of King Hezekiah’s Royal Seal Discovered in Ophel Excavations South of Temple Mount in Jerusalem,”, “King Hezekiah in the Bible: Royal Seal of Hezekiah Comes to Light,”. There see also the comments of Gene R. To go to the previous page, scroll down on this page to the boldfaced heading “Continuing the Discussion.” On the line above that heading, click on “Previous.”. Let me see if my recollection is correct and get back to you. Certainly not the fisherman of Galilee.” Making the same point is American Theodore Parker: “Shall we be told such a man never lived, the whole story is a lie? 30–37. In response to comment 9 on this page, by Carol: I appreciate your enthusiasm for the light that archaeology can shed on the Bible! Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 B.C.) 41–43). Perhaps, but in each case, the possibility does not produce a reliable identification. What’s Missing from Codex Sinaiticus, the Oldest New Testament? As for the time period, disruption of copper production at Khirbet en-Nahas, also in the southern Levant, can be attributed to Sheshonq’s army, as determined by stratigraphy, high-precision radiocarbon dating, and an assemblage of Egyptian amulets dating to Sheshonq’s time. . His prestigious family, the descendants of Shaphan, had been “key players” in crucial situations at the highest levels of the government of Judah for three generations. Vowels tend to be more fluid, so the rendering of the Egyptian e in She- by the similar-sounding Hebrew i in Shi- is not unusual. See it online at http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/searchresources/guidetospecialcollections/stjohnfragment/. His follow-up article, “Archaeology Confirms 3 More Bible People,” published in the May/June 2017 issue of BAR, adds another three people to the list. . 236-237 (see “Symbols and Abbreviations” above). Breya and Michael F., I encourage you to investigate the greatest man who ever lived, in the authenticated pages of the Bible. According to 2 Samuel 5:5, for his first seven years and six months as a monarch, he ruled only the southern kingdom of Judah. 470; IBP, pp. (Latin) “the same thing,” meaning the same publication as the one mentioned immediately before. (77); “Sixteen Strong,” p. 52. 870 and 750 B.C.E. 87–92. See the online article by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, “Impression of King Hezekiah’s Royal Seal Discovered in Ophel Excavations South of Temple Mount in Jerusalem,” December 2, 2015; a video under copyright of Eilat Mazar and Herbert W. Armstrong College, 2015; Robin Ngo, “King Hezekiah in the Bible: Royal Seal of Hezekiah Comes to Light,” Bible History Daily (blog), originally published on December 3, 2015; Meir Lubetski, “King Hezekiah’s Seal Revisited,” BAR, July/August 2001. Normally, if the person in the Bible and the person in the inscription have the same three identifying marks of an individual, and if all other factors are right, one can say the identification (confirmation) of the Biblical person in the inscription is virtually certain. Azariah, high priest during Josiah’s reign, within 640/639–609, 1 Chronicles 5:39, etc. Where, one might ask, is a guide to such differences in chapters and verses? Jehu, king, r. 842/841–815/814, 1 Kings 19:16, etc., in inscriptions of Shalmaneser III. 24–33,66; idem, The Palace of King David: Excavations at the Summit of the City of David: Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007 [Jerusalem/New York: Shoham AcademicResearch and Publication, 2009], pp. The digging season is short, and excavation is painstaking work. [7] The Latin text allowed art historians to identify the subjects of the miniatures. But when it is translated into English, we say AY-ven. Sometimes biblical names can be reversed, for example, Ahaz-yahu and Yeho-ahaz are essentially the same name. 241–242. It is known that the throne name of Sheshonq I, when translated into English, means, “Bright is the manifestation of Re, chosen of Amun/Re.” Sheshonq I’s inscription on the wall of the Temple of Amun at Karnak in Thebes (mentioned above) celebrates the victories of his military campaign in the Levant, thus presenting the possibility of his presence in that region. 302–303). 2. 3, respectively; IBP, pp. I happen to think Jesus is important, just as you do. The latter include the books of the Bible itself, as well as other writings, notably those of Flavius Josephus in the first century C.E. The archaeological evidence is not quite enough to support a virtually certain identification, for the following reasons: 1. 23–26, 28), for example the inscription on the Kurbail Statue (RIMA 3, p. 60, line 21). Many a later king of Israel who was not his descendant, beginning with Jehu, was called “the son of Omri” (Raging Torrent, p. 18). Moreover, the confirmation of the person’s existence in Bible-era inscriptions cannot at all be regarded as evidence that their deeds according to Scripture never occurred. 386-490. The same argument supports the authenticity of the Mesha Inscription, in which one can confidently identify the biblical Omri, king of the northern kingdom of Israel, and the biblical aMesha, king of Moab. Surely there is a need for another list that will list biblical names which are parallel to those found in cognate languages or other populations in the ANE? 387–395. Tattenai (=Tatnai), provincial governor of Trans-Euphrates, late sixth to early fifth century, Ezra 5:3, etc., in a tablet of Darius I the Great, king of Persia, which can be dated to exactly June 5, 502 B.C.E. The Encyclopedia Britannica said regarding the testimony of early Jewish and pagan writers: “These independent accounts prove that in ancient times even the opponents of Christianity never doubted the historicity of Jesus, which was disputed for the first time and on inadequate grounds by several authors at the end of the 18th, during the 19th, and at the beginning of the 20th centuries.” –1974 Edition, Vol. with the Hebrew Bible as we know it today. circa, a Latin word meaning “around”. 137–152; David Ussishkin, The Village of Silwan (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1993), pp. Raging Torrent Mordechai Cogan, The Raging Torrent: Historical Inscriptions from Assyria and Babylonia Relating to Ancient Israel (A Carta Handbook; Jerusalem: Carta, 2008). 21–42. It is interesting that you say Shoshenq’s throne name was found in Palestine not his name Shoshenk, so this is another doubt that he was known to Hebrews as Shishak. Ahab, king, r. 873–852, 1 Kings 16:28, etc. I used to subscribe to Biblical Archaeology review until they started that BCE and CE crap! Chronicle 5, reverse, lines 11–13, briefly refers to his conquest of Jerusalem (“the city of Judah”) in 597 by defeating “its king” (Jehoiachin), as well as his appointment of “a king of his own choosing” (Zedekiah) as king of Judah. 138–139; ANET, p. 294. 23. That is not enough for a firm identification, but it is enough for a reasonable hypothesis. As for the singularity of this name in this remote locale, it would have been notable to find any Egyptian scarab there, much less one containing the throne name of this conquering Pharaoh; this unique discovery admits no confusion with another person. This book sets a new standard in the field of ancient Hebrew and Aramaic paleography. The Bible is consistent and clear on this date: 1 Kings 6:1; Judges 11:26; Acts 13:19. About 17 men have the name Azariah. If two inscriptions (and indeed a third from Egypt) are not sufficient, I find no particular need to discount the entirely of the biblical record of David. in the British Museum (London: The Trustees of the British Museum, 1956), pp. . Nergal-sharezer (= Nergal-sharuṣur the Sin-magir = Nergal-šarru-uṣur the simmagir), officer of Nebuchadnezzar II, early sixth century, Jeremiah 39:3, in a Babylonian cuneiform inscription known as Nebuchadnezzar II’s Prism (column 3 of prism EŞ 7834, in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum). Because I am an author, not the editor, publisher, or distributor, I am not the person from whom to request any other form of access. And in biblical passages for which any contemporary inscriptions survive (after about 2, 500 years), such as Assyrian or Babylonian “display texts” from their palaces, or their recorded annals–if you are willing to examine the evidence I have listed at length in the notes above–there is substantial confirmation of some details along with “spin.” That spin suggests a very different point of view, as one would expect. This table uses Kitchen’s dates for rulers of Egypt, Pitard’s for kings of Damascus (with some differences), Galil’s for monarchs of Judah and for those of the northern kingdom of Israel, Grayson’s for Neo-Assyrian kings, Wiseman’s for Neo-Babylonian kings and Briant’s, if given, for Persian kings and for the Persian province of Yehud. 308–310; ANET, pp. We now know that all the letter shapes in this seal are chronologically consistent with each other and are the appropriate letter shapes for late seventh–century to early sixth–century Hebrew script—the time of Jeremiah. ): Shelemiah, father of Jehucal the official, late 7th century, Jeremiah 37:3; 38:1 and 32. In my dissertation, I made it clear that identification of a biblical person in an inscription from the biblical period does not prove the historicity of whole biblical narrative about the person.”. A neo-Babylonian text refers to him as “Belshazzar the crown prince” (ANET, pp. By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. I accept your point that there are limits to the evidence I have presented. 2; IBP, pp. Tuck this one away for your church’s next Bible trivia night. 95–108, 238; “Sixteen,” p. 43. . Do you really believe the Bible is Inspired? Thank you! Pekah, king, r. 34, 35; ANET, pp. [6] Maciejowski studied for the priesthood in Italy and likely gained ownership of the manuscript while there. 68–71) and for the comments in the paragraph that begins, “After cautiously … ”. 3. 117–132. As Jan Dušek shows, it cannot be demonstrated that any Sanballat II and III existed, which is the reason for the present article’s quotation marks around the “I” in Sanballat “I”; see Jan Dušek, “Archaeology and Texts in the Persian Period: Focus on Sanballat,” in Martti Nissinen, ed., Congress Volume: Helsinki 2010 (Boston: Brill. The Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible. Similarly, some do not use A.D. (short for anno Domini nostri, “in the year of our Lord”), simply because they do not happen to think of Jesus as Lord. Donald J. Wiseman, “Babylonia 605–539 B.C.” in CAH, vol. 2 (2013): 202, Group 1. “Thus, the fact that the inscription was written approximately 130 years after David died does NOT refute this identification. What did they just barely miss?) For mention of Tirhakah in Assyrian inscriptions, see those of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal in Raging Torrent, pp. indicates greater likelihood that the phrase “the house of David” does accurately include the name of the actual founder of the single dynasty of the southern kingdom of Judah, in fact a much greater likelihood than that Judahite kings simply adopted an eponymous hero as their dynastic founder. Therefore, “the house of David” was contemporary with the Tel Dan stele, and indeed, lasted some 2 or almost 3 centuries _after_ the time when this stele was engraved! Charlesworth’s thorough, scholarly treatment is worth your attention! Because this king already stands clearly documented in an Assyrian inscription, documentation in another inscription is not necessary to confirm the existence of the biblical Ahaz, king of Judah. They are summarized in three questions in “Sixteen,” in the section “Identification Methodology,” pp. 418–426, ABC, p. 214. It is known as Proto-Scandinavian, or Ancient Scandinavian, but shows few distinctively North Germanic features. 58, pp. Genesis 50: 24-26 “Joseph said unto his brethren, I die: and God will surely visit you, and bring you out of this land unto the land which he sware to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. This site is located along the Wadi Fidan, in the region of Faynan in southern Jordan. 1 (Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication, c2015). Lawrence Mykytiuk The mistaken disqualification of this biblical identification in the Melqart stele in IBP, p. 237, is revised to a strong identification in that stele in “Corrections,” pp. 51–78); OROT, p. 14. 3. Best, (If you are a BAS Library Member, click here. 355-384, with book-by-book treatments within the Hebrew Bible in pp. 355-384, with book-by-book treatments within the Hebrew Bible in pp. I plan to research Marduka. If you can’;t seem to find a good library, depending on your location, just send another comment and I’ll find some way to consult with you individually. As for myths of the Bronze Age or any other previous time, some scholars simply call them “good dreams.” 215–216; OROT, pp. See endnote 26 above regarding “Sixteen,” pp. Sorry, I can’t provide citations, but I’m sure I’ve heard about this on tv/history channel (?) According to biblical chronology, David lived until about 930 B.C.E., and the Davidic line of rulers over the kingdom of Judah, who are called “the house of David,” ruled until 586 B.C.E. The following statement from my comment 14 expresses my view regarding the identifications I have written about, with which you are entirely free to take a completely different position: “3. 1. 22–24). mid-fifth century, Nehemiah 2:10, etc. 36. The noted Jewish scholar Joseph Klausner, after thoroughly investigating their testimony, reports that the ” early Talmudical accounts” of Jesus confirm ‘both the existence and the general character of Jesus.’ –Jesus of Nazareth, p. 20. . (Oxford: Clarendon, 1923; reprinted Osnabrück, Germany: Zeller, 1967), p. 114 English translation of line 29, and p. 118 note regarding line 29; ANET, p. 492. Bible scholars can point to some Hebrew renditions of other non-Hebrew names that have much less resemblance to the original (= pretty wild), so this name is not the best choice to disagree with. Much of this evidence is listed in the current version of the Wikipedia article titled “Sources for the historicity of Jesus” is quite informative. Some of these personalities are particularly […], […] lijstje van buitenbijbels bewijs voor Bijbelse personen: vijftig namen met […]. . Thank you. Not only is the names match disputable despite the clever “possible” gymnastics to show they “could” match, but most all the other possible matches between the two are also weak. As a scholar, I must note that there are limits to what these 50 identifications prove, but they are certainly evidence on the side of the historical reliability of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. 229–251. Original publication: London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1843. Lawrence Mykytiuk. There is also the evidence of the four first-century Gospels and the beginnings, within first-century Judaism, of the faith now called Christianity. Several of the leading characters were mentioned by name in historical writings of other nations and cultures that refer to the Iron Age, with no Titans or primeval persons thrown in. 48–49 n. 34). The argument along the line that “It takes a Newton to forge a Newton” is frequently overlooked. “Corrections,” pp. In response to comment 6 (on this page), by Gahishmalontokati: I did not write the title of the article, but the very first paragraph of my article very clearly states that it deals with archaeological evidence for real people mentioned in the _Hebrew_ Bible. Unfortunately, it has become fashionable in some circles to ignore ancient evidence, but it hasn’t gone away. At Kurkh, a monolith by Shalmaneser III states that at the battle of Qarqar (853 B.C.E. Is it because the name on the inscription cannot be identified the Akhish in the bible? Lawrence, regarding your request of Kurt in his comment 17, regarding a certain Marduka : Apparently, a cuneiform inscription evidently from Borsippa is said to refer to a Persian official by that name(Mordecai? Thanks for the excellent bibliography your provided for the list, which of course stand out for its clarity. Lawrence Mykytiuk I mistrust the scholarly integrity of anyone who claims that it is a fact set in stone. John 14:28. 38–41; RIMA 3, p. 211, line 8 of A.0.104.7; Raging Torrent, pp. In response to comment 23 by John: Analysis of the clay of these bullae shows that they were produced in the locale of Jerusalem (Eran Arie, Yuval Goren, and Inbal Samet, “Indelible Impression: Petrographic Analysis of Judahite Bullae,” in The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin [ed. And I find far more evidence for the historicity of Yeshua in the unfolding and morphing accounts in the earliest Gospel (the son of man) to the oldest Gospel (the Son of God). 17. This page is about the 50 identifications of biblical people in inscriptions of the biblical era—why these, why not others, etc. However, people and events mentioned in the Bible can … Hananiah and his father, Azzur, from Gibeon, fl. 9–10 (in German). Do you mean that characterization to apply to the complete, entire Hebrew Bible/Old Testament without exception, or only on parts of it? See also idem, “Five Notes on Jerusalem in the First and Second Temple Periods,” Tel Aviv 39 (2012): p. 93. Please pardon me for not giving the chapter and verse references in both Bibles. So (= Osorkon IV), pharaoh, r. 730–715, 2 Kings 17:4. Gedaliah, official during Zedekiah’s reign, fl.
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