After drawing the illustrations from my last post, I wondered how well a bipole loudspeaker would work in the mirror-reflected setup. Interpretations: The British Rock Songbook My answer took the yes-no branching.... Driving Low-Impedance Headphones Creating Virtual Grounds & Rail Splitting Although much of what follows was covered in the blog entries on single-ended, cathode-follower power amplifiers, it is worth hammering home again. Today, however, most signal sources put out more than enough output signal to drive most power amplifiers to full power output, as most power amplifiers require no more than 1Vpk to achieve full output and most DACs put out 2Vpk. I had planned on covering some electrostatic power amplifier circuits. As far as I know, no commercially-offered, unity-gain, tube-based buffer exists. Just take some resistance from the top voltage-dropping resistor and add it to the bottom series resistor; then add a potentiometer and a few resistors, as shown below... 27 Jul 2010. I have discovered that when I forgo the building of a foundation for understanding, too many readers cannot catch on, finding it a leap too far... “How do I build ____?” is the first line of many e-mails that I receive, whereas only few have asked, “How do I understand ____?” Nothing exceptional here. Now it's time to let you in on a secret about the Circlotron: it is more of a phase splitter than a power buffer. If you do a search on the web, you will no doubt find the following topology, as it is the obvious way to go... Sneaky NFB Two-Stage SRPP Amplifier I searched Tidal for all the covers they offered of the song. In the previous century, Nico M. Visch wrote a letter to the UK electronics magazine, Wireless World, which the magazine published in its April 1975 issue, page 166. But he wasn't first, as Dave Rosgaard beat him to the solution. In addition, each channel's heater power supply connections are separate. Secrets Of The Beehive In addition, all the phono stage parts have been shifted into better positions on the board.... Tetra & Positive Feedback Just about everyone suffers from glossophobia, the fear of public speaking; or, at least, so say psychologists who study such things. Just the other day, I walked into a store and, while I was paying, the young woman behind the counter asked me if I knew about the RMAF. 13 Oct 2006. This vertical difference circuit rejects common-mode signals and passes the difference.... Horizontal Broskie Cathode Follower After talking to Bill Walso at the RMAF, I went digging through my drawing for single-ended output stages that used an air-core inductor as a load. Using two SRPPs differentially, however, overcomes the first problem, poor PSRR. Speaking of Tidal, the music service company that I both love and hate, mostly love (about 70% love to 30% hate), I would love to make a few changes to what they offer... Sound Treatment So much for passive bi-wire ideas. Broskie OTL This will be welcome news to many audiophiles, particularly for those who need to convert their DAC's balanced output to an unbalanced output signal, as the Unbalancer can readily receive its balanced signal. Although they each can do certain things better than any other coupling capacitor, overall they sound wrong. But they don't arrive until 10 days later. The great advantage of class-A, push-pull operation is low distortion and consistent output impedance through the entire waveform at full output... Aikido White Cathode Follower 01 Sep 2011. A few months ago, Amazon sent me an email offering three months of free trial service of Amazon Music. Autoformers are like half a transformer—the good half. I have written many articles and posts on the circuit. For example, what if we build a power amplifier with two output stages, one for the woofer and one for the tweeter? 10 Dec 2011. Something big and really nasty? I know that 99% of Octal CCDA users will opt for the 6SN7 as the tube of choice. These amazing little power tubes are quite efficient, requiring only 15Vpp to bring them to full output. Any speaker that shoots the sound out in two directions is a bipole. Alas, not yet. Imagine a single 300B that could put out 200W, which will give you a good idea of what an ideal super-triode amplifier might be like.... DHT Super-Triode Sans CCS Return of the Triadtron Solid-State and High Voltage, Solid-State as AC Circuit Support, January 2000 I was about to title this section "The Simplest MC Pre-Preamplifier Possible," but it might be possible to use a single transistor. This variation in current flow is then relayed to through the PNP transistor to the collector resistor, which in turn is relayed to the left triode's grid... Quatrode Baby Steps: the Cathode Follower A little bit of regulation, like knowledge, can be a dangerous thing. Triad B+ Transformer, Mono 66-Position Balanced Stepped Attenuator. Verily. Solid-State Superchargers Navigating archipelago to archipelago by the stars, the seafarers were also drawn by the riches of the ocean surrounding the island – where a prehistoric volcano sank back into the depths, leaving blooming corals within a house reef and a wealth of lagoon fish. (Turning balanced into unbalanced is easier than you might presume.) Best for whom? with Bipolar Power supplies As I write this, I am spinning Peter, Paul and Mary's (Ten) Years Together album, which has never been a favorite, but dang if I am not being pulled into the music. My last post dealt with some of the subtleties of using a differential phase splitter with a totem-pole OTL output stage. The triode idled at 0.5A and was constant-current source loaded, so the peak output current was only 0.5A, which into an 8-ohm load equals 1W.... Single-Ended & IMC 03 Apr 2018. 20 Jul 2009. I tested the new board by building a tube-based headphone amplifier, this time with 6N1P and 6H30 tubes. Music Recommendation: Bye-Bye Berlin In my last post, while on the topic of grounded-grid amplifiers, I showed a battery being used to bias a triode's grid to a voltage below ground. I had a good time revisiting the Circlotron topology last time, but there was much more that I hoped to cover. More split-load phase splitters, more hybrid power amplifiers, more buffer circuits, more voltage regulators... One cluster of circuits follows the theme of Super Triodes, wherein a triode superimposes its sonic signature over a solid-state power amplifier's transfer function.... I covered this variation before, 11years ago, in post 121. A world with only IBM and Microsoft equals iBored.... PCB Update The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. Extend your journey and luxuriate in savings of up to 30%. 24 Mar 2013. We begin with a triode, not a pentode or tetrode; then we ensure that it draws a constant current flow; finally, we connect either a transistor or MOSFET or pentode or solid-state power amplifier so that this added power device receives its input signal from the triode and returns its output signal to the triode. (Actually, prior to the circuit having been built, it was panned at some DIY website. I have a major new revision of the old Aikido stereo noval PCB, Rev. New Lower Shipping Cost! I was sure that my last post would end the cathode-coupled amplifier thread; no such luck, as I have yet to clear my backlog of cathode-coupled amplifier circuits. No, as we can forgo the use of a cathode resistor to bias the triode and use a fixed bias voltage instead. I decided to make some minor changes to the Tetra Sans PS PCB, changing its size and adding some extra functionality. Well, the big deal consists of expense, weight, bulk, and heat—lots of heat... Without this transformer, even 250W power amplifiers would only make whispers emerge from the electrostatic loudspeaker, as an electrostatic speakers require huge voltage swings, as in not tens of volts, but hundreds if not thousands of volts.... 04 Oct 2018. Okay, fasten your mental seatbelts, as we are about to go on quite a ride. I think we are ready now, as the circuit probably seems familiar, no longer alien.... More DHT Heating Their choice of songs is eclectic in the extreme, with songs composed centuries apart. Most audiophiles fall into two groups: artists and scientists, although very few actually produce any art or science. It seems that I have caused turmoil in tube land; the angry towns people are taking up pitchforks and torches, and soon they will break down my door. But where higher current delivery is required, the 6AS7 would be a better choice... Guns are loud, dang loud. They have no choice but to run in strict class-A and to idle on the sweet-spot of the plate curves... Split-Load Phase Splitter as SE OPS What makes a car a sports car? But two cascading grounded-cathode amplifiers is too much, as too much gain results. Shifting Vg and B+ Voltages 22 Apr 2018. The Moskido amplifier is creating a stir in Tube Land, a petite commotion in absolute terms, but relative to the tiny size of Tube Land, it’s a fairly big stirring. The plan was simple: trade in your old car for a new car and the government (the taxpayers) will write a check for $4500 to the new car dealer on your behalf. My octal Aikido headphone amplifier was designed to drive 300-ohm loads, which is great for my Sennheiser headphones, but not so good from Audioquest, Final, and Grado headphones. I went hunting. How do we proceed? His catalog of albums on the wonderful ECM label is extensive. Since I want to make sure that you get your money's worth, and since this post is fairly short (for me at least), here is a puzzle for you... Simplest Kick-Butt Systems I am intrigued by the idea of a small power amplifier driving a large power amplifier, not just with fairly large voltage swings, but with concomitant current swings, driving in the most robust sense. Although I like the ease of the class-A, constant-current source approach, I would like to cheat the system a tad, by running a lower idle current and still getting an occasional burst of wattage beyond the strict limits of class-A.... So, is it possible to design a power amplifier that is coupling capacitor free? Founded in 1937, this choir has garnered an excellent reputation. Reader, Jan, emailed me to point out a Russian audio forum where the following circuit was being discussed.... The hybrid fanciness entered the picture at the input and the output.... More Phono Preamp Philosophy Remote-Sensing Feedback 09 Feb 2005, Broskie-Macaulay Amplifier Happy Pi Day! Since that last circuit departed from the theme of strict cathode-coupled amplifiers, I might as well go over the cascoded differential amplifier, which at least holds two coupled cathodes. Regaining sonic control has been the underlining theme of the Tube CAD Journal since it was born, even when the topic was auto-bias circuits or I-to-V converters. The Super-Triode concept requires three things: running the triode under constant-current; using beefier devices, either tube or solid-state, to drive entirely—with no help from the triode—the external load impedance; and letting the triode control the output. For example, I have typed in "Arvo Part" and gotten "Arvo Party" and "Eclectic Party Mix" as part of the results.... I have needed this power supply for a long time now, as I own both an HK Citation II and two Heathkit W-6M tube power amplifiers, all of which use solid-state rectifiers and a voltage doubler rectifier circuit to establish their B+ voltage; and both need a refurbishing.... New 12Vac PS Letters to the Editor I was about to provide another loudspeaker-related idea, but since I devoted so much space to my recent headphone amplifier build I will talk about headphones instead... Music Recommendation: BIGWORDS.com gives you the best promo codes and discount coupons for all of your favorite online stores, verified and updated daily. Although I made that post last February, my memory said it must be years older. E 31 May 2016. Review: Operational amplifiers fill just about all audio products and with good cause. Well, I now think that I was wrong. And if you are going to run a push-pull power amplifier, wouldn’t it be a good idea to feed the amplifier an equally push-pull input signal? Surprisingly, a single 6DJ8 used in this topology can beautifully drive a 300-ohm headphone, such as the Sennheiser and AKG models. 28 Sep 2006. But for those who either don't know or have forgotten what Class-G was all about, the following definition by the late G. Randy Slone* sums it up nicely in his wonderful book, High-Power Audio Amplifier Construction Manual:.. Lateral MOSFET and Class-G I did get to hear two 360-degree radiating loudspeakers. Its dissimilar output impedances does not prove a hindrance in most push-pull applications, as long as both outputs are loaded by equal load resistances and load capacitances.It does, however, suffer from a dismal PSRR. The key point I hope that I have made is that the SRPP holds two sub-circuits and that one of the two, the impedance-multiplier circuit, is quite interesting, if no other reason that so few knew it was there in the first place. Over twenty circuits blossomed from the three-device scheme. Before beginning a tube circuit design, I like to do the back of the envelope calculations first, as they often get me surprisingly close to the final design. The goal of “no capacitors, no feedback” is laudable—within reason. (I have just drawn and posted too many schematics.) If they are made from sheathed wire, they must be carefully hand assembled and soldered together. The 1-ohm resistor is a 4W device, so the maximum current output is 2A.... PS-7 High-Voltage Power Supply Try letting your fourteen-year-old set the EQ on your car radio and you will quickly discover who likes diStoRtioN. Triodes rule. The OpAmp sees a 1.25V voltage reference in series with positive input, which allows the regulators to be used in many different configurations, from adjustable voltage regulators to constant-current sources to AC-clipper circuits.... Zen Meets the Impedance-Multiplier Circuit To doubly mangle Robert Burns, The best laid headphone cables of iPods and laptops often go astray. Few tube amplifiers sound as sweet as two triode-connected EL84s in push-pull. I wore out my first copy and I still love this LP. This Circlotron OTL amplifier will need twice the number of tubes that the hybrid would need, as negative voltage swings will have to be provided by an opposing bank of tubes—but then this design is pure tube. 19 Apr 2016, New Power Supply for Tube Power Amplifiers Of course, we can build our own diamonds out of discrete parts.... Class-B Rail-Splitting Virtual Ground 19 Jan 2003 PDF My usual procedure is to bang out the math on a hand calculator and then check the resulting values in SPICE simulations... Bump and Dip Circuits I just couldn’t do it. It uses an LM317 for the positive output and an LM337 for the negative output. If you have a good signal-grade isolation transformer and an oscilloscope, you can take a look at the AC voltage entering your house. The low-voltage regulator is meant to power the tube heaters; the high-voltage power supply, the rest of the tube circuit... Octal All-in-One LSA/HPA My last post generated much more interest than I had expected. SRCFPP Unlike triodes and pentodes, transistors exhibit a sharp turn-on voltage, as shown in the graph below.... I-to-V Triadtron
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