Frosch, P. J., Johansen, J. D., Menne, T., Pirker, C., Rastogi, S. C., Andersen, K. E., Bruze, M., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., and White, I. R. Further important sensitizers in patients sensitive to fragrances. All rights reserved.The ASPCA is a 501(c)(3) non-for-profit organization. Scented geraniums are toxic to pets. View abstract. *, By providing my mobile number, I agree to receive periodic text messages from the ASPCA. View abstract. You’ll find a variety of plants that have toxic or poisonous qualities for chickens. No. October 19, 2020 at 4:08 am. Arch Pharm.Res 2008;31(3):342-349. Parasitol Res 2016;115(4):1691-703. White and red clover. II. Santoro, G. F., Cardoso, M. G., Guimaraes, L. G., Freire, J. M., and Soares, M. J. Anti-proliferative effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemongrass) on intracellular amastigotes, bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida). Photo credit: BigStock/Greywall Studio. Diarrhea is often just a bother, but it can also cause dehydration. Carbajal, D., Casaco, A., Arruzazabala, L., Gonzalez, R., and Tolon, Z. Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. It may help ease diarrhea. View abstract. ... could prove to be toxic. Abe, S., Maruyama, N., Hayama, K., Inouye, S., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil. Pereira, R. P., Fachinetto, R., de Souza, Prestes A., Puntel, R. L., Santos da Silva, G. N., Heinzmann, B. M., Boschetti, T. K., Athayde, M. L., Burger, M. E., Morel, A. F., Morsch, V. M., and Rocha, J. Citral is a new inducer of caspase-3 in tumor cell lines. View abstract. Horses grazing … That being said, canines are not herbivores, so their digestive systems are not designed to process large quantities of plant material. Extreme caution should be used when infusing the air using oil-based aromatherapy diffusers, candles, etc., no matter what animal is in the room. However, if you’re curious about plants that are safe for your dog, be sure to check the ASPCA website for a list of toxic and non-toxic plants. The appropriate dose of lemongrass depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. Free radical scavengers from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) However, clinical trials are lacking to support any uses. This should not be confused with the Citronella plant (Cymbopogon nardus), which looks similar but has red stems. 2008;46(7):2493-2497. Cymbopogon, also known as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, Cochin grass, Malabar grass, oily heads or fever grass, is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family. J Ethnopharmacol 1989;25(1):103-107. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. J Food Drug Anal 2018;26(1):432-8. Similarly, please don’t give your cats lemongrass oil as it is more lethal than the plant since it has a higher concentration of cyanogenic glycosides. Internal use of lemongrass essential oil may have toxic effects. Carlini, E. A., Contar, J. de DP, Silva-Filho, A. R., Silveira-Filho, N. G., Frochtengarten, M. L., and Bueno, O. F. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). However, there have been some toxic side effects, such as lung problems after inhaling lemongrass and a fatal poisoning after a child swallowed a lemongrass oil-based insect repellent. Some may only have poisonous leaves, others may only possess toxic compounds in the roots, and others may be entirely toxic, leaves, shoots, roots, berries and all (nightshade, for example).Many are only toxic to certain organisms, like humans or dogs, and others are only toxic to fish (called ichthyotoxic) or insects, others may only impact other plants to reduce competition, and still … View abstract. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.© Therapeutic Research Faculty . While the grass itself isn’t toxic and the larger concern is their ability to digest it, the essential oil can be toxic to your pet depending on which variety of lemongrass it was distilled from. (check all that apply). Many varieties of ornamental grass add color and interest to a yard, and most are safe for humans and animals. 1986;17(1):37-64. Abe, S., Sato, Y., Inoue, S., Ishibashi, H., Maruyama, N., Takizawa, T., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. [Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral]. Ornamental grasses can enhance a garden's beauty. Essential oils contain many therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and soothing qualities that can be used as an alternative to pharmaceutical products.. This includes oil of cinnamon, citrus, pennyroyal, peppermint, pine, sweet birch, tea tree (melaleuca), wintergreen, and … Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). 3-14-2003;302(3):593-600. III. Lemongrass essential oil is highly concentrated, and it is toxic … However, there have been some toxic side effects, such as lung problems after inhaling lemongrass and a fatal poisoning after a child swallowed a lemongrass oil-based insect repellent. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Bleasel, N., Tate, B., and Rademaker, M. Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils. Altern Ther Health Med 1999;5:42-51. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. Flowers are showy, umbrella-like clusters and appear in late summer. 2009;34(5):973-983. If you suspect your pet may have ingested a potentially toxic substance, call the APCC at (888) 426-4435 or contact your local veterinarian as soon as possible. Sforcin, J. M., Amaral, J. T., Fernandes, A., Jr., Sousa, J. P., and Bastos, J. K. Lemongrass effects on IL-1beta and IL-6 production by macrophages. View abstract. Yew is EXTREMELY toxic, you're lucky your ducks are okay! View abstract. Essential oils have been used as effective natural alternatives for treating a wide range of physical and mental health concerns. Lemongrass has traditionally been used as a fragrance and flavoring, and for a wide variety of medical conditions. Costa CA, Kohn DO, de Lima VM, Gargano AC, Flório JC, Costa M. The GABAergic system contributes to the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass). Some essential oils are poisonous to dogs. A. and Agbaje, E. O. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fresh leaf aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Exclusive Subaru VIP offer for ASPCA Guardians & Founders. A. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;42(12):877-878. Is lemongrass oil safe for dogs? Lee, H. J., Jeong, H. S., Kim, D. J., Noh, Y. H., Yuk, D. Y., and Hong, J. T. Inhibitory effect of citral on NO production by suppression of iNOS expression and NF-kappa B activation in RAW264.7 cells. Whether potted indoors or planted in an outdoor garden, a nibble-friendly patch of lemongrass is a safe cat treat. Eating excessive amounts of plant material can cause dangerous intestinal blockages in canines. Citronella Geranium Poisoning in Dogs and Cats. Helicobacter. J Med Food 2010;13(3):681-690. View abstract. 2003;8(3):207-215. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center reported that in 2017, 5 percent of all calls were related to pets ingesting plants toxic to them, making it ninth on their list of the top 10 pet toxins. View abstract. Z.Naturforsch.C 2007;62(5-6):447-457. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs. We spoke with a director at the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center and two other veterinarians to identify the most common poisonous plants for dogs. White and Red Clover. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass). View abstract. View abstract. (check all that apply), What factors are most important to you? Lemongrass, also called oil grass, comes from the Poaceae family. The ASPCA doesn’t recommend using lemongrass essential oil around dogs due to this reason. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;70(3):323-327. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2011;2(1):3-8. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed "in utero". Forsch Komplementmed 2015;22(4):226-9. Lemongrass has a catnip-like effect on most cats. It is not because it has a higher concentration of cyanogenic glycosides and essential oils. Cats shouldn’t eat lemongrass, including oil grass (Cymbopogon citratus), culinary herb as they are toxic or poisonous, i.e., the cyanogenic glycosides present will cause stomach upsets. Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List - Dogs Plants Toxic to Dogs Adam-and-Eve (Arum, Lord-and-Ladies, Wake Robin, Starch Root, Bobbins, Cuckoo Plant) | Scientific Names: Arum maculatum | Family: Araceae Rao, V. S., Menezes, A. M., and Viana, G. S. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. If your cat nibbles some baked goods containing lemongrass, it should … These two chemicals are toxic … Limited clinical or experimental studies have shown antifungal and insecticidal activity, as well as potential anticarcinogenic activity, wh… Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Effects of lemongrass oil and citral on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, oxidative stress, and acetaminophen toxicity in rats. Lemongrass essential oil, however, can be toxic to felines, so store it safely and securely. Soonwera M, Phasomkusolsil S. Effect of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oils on the morphology and mortality of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles dirus larvae. So your other pets are safe around lemongrass essential oil. Terms & Conditions / Privacy Policy, © 2021 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Privacy Policy Legal Info. Chaisripipat W, Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M. Anti-dandruff hair tonic containing lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) oil. Phytomedicine 2009;16(2-3):265-270. Elson, C. E., Underbakke, G. L., Hanson, P., Shrago, E., Wainberg, R. H., and Qureshi, A. BMC Res Notes 2017;10(1):98. Br.J Dermatol. Uncontrolled Blood Sugar: How Dangerous Is It? J Ethnopharmacol. View abstract. Lemongrass is very effective at helping to kill off fleas, so if your cat doesn’t mind the smell too much you can use a little of this oil around them. Phytomedicine 2009;16(2-3):118-124. View abstract. Nakamura, Y., Miyamoto, M., Murakami, A., Ohigashi, H., Osawa, T., and Uchida, K. A phase II detoxification enzyme inducer from lemongrass: identification of citral and involvement of electrophilic reaction in the enzyme induction. They grow 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 meters) tall and thrive in sunny situations. Neurochem.Res. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Some individuals may experience irritation when applying lemongrass oil to the skin. Tapia, A., Cheel, J., Theoduloz, C., Rodriguez, J., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Gerth, A., Wilken, D., Jordan, M., Jimenez-Gonzalez, E., Gomez-Kosky, R., and Mendoza, E. Q. Poison hemlock is a hollow-stemmed biennial, four-feet high, with double compound leaves resembling parsley and a large, white taproot like parsnip. Figueirinha, A., Cruz, M. T., Francisco, V., Lopes, M. C., and Batista, M. T. Anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells: contribution of the polyphenols. Blanco, M. M., Costa, C. A., Freire, A. O., Santos, J. G., Jr., and Costa, M. Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. Abafado, Andropogon citratus, Andropogon flexuosus, British Indian Lemongrass, Cana Santa, Capim-Cidrao, Capim-Santo, Ceylon Citronella Grass, Cimbopogone, Citronella, Citrongräss, Citronnelle, Citronnelle de Ceylan, Citronnelle des Indes, Citronnelle de Java, Citronnelle de Madagascar, Cochin Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon nardis, East Indian Lemongrass, Fever Grass, Grass Tea, Guatemala Lemongrass, Herbe Citron, Hierba de Limón, Jonc Odorant, Lemon Grass, Lemon Grass Stalk, Limonaria, Limon Out, Madagascar Lemongrass, Sakumau, Sera, Sereh, Squinant, Ta-Khraj, Tej-Sar, Verveine Indienne, West Indian Lemongrass, Zacate Limon. Message and data rates may apply. Hi Joanna, Some species of lemongrass are toxic to dogs. stapf plants cultivated in bioreactors by the temporary immersion (TIS) principle. Parasitol.Res 2009;105(6):1489-1496. According to the ASPCA’s list of toxic and non-toxic plants for animals, lemongrass essential oil is only toxic to dogs, cats, and horses. All information will be used in a manner consistent with the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Coronavirus in Context: Interviews With Experts, Sign Up to Receive Our Free Coroanvirus Newsletter. 2001;145(2):268-273. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:308-16. Food Chem Toxicol. Oliveira, V. C., Moura, D. M., Lopes, J. View abstract. View abstract. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: Santin, M. R., dos Santos, A. O., Nakamura, C. V., Dias Filho, B. P., Ferreira, I. C., and Ueda-Nakamura, T. In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. View abstract. Eucalyptus oil is toxic to cats and should not be diffused or used around them at all. Pushpanathan, T., Jebanesan, A., and Govindarajan, M. Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of Cymbopogan citratus Stapf (Graminae) essential oil against the filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera : Culicidae). 2001;8(5):395-400. Kimutai A, Ngeiywa M, Mulaa M, et al. Lipids 1989;24(8):677-679. It’s even very effective at treating fleas and can be used to rid these little insects from your cat and home. Viana, G. S., Vale, T. G., Pinho, R. S., and Matos, F. J. Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus in mice. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Meenapriya M, Priya J. Cheel, J., Theoduloz, C., Rodriguez, J., and Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) 2004;13(1):21-24. Never let them ingest it however as it’s potentially fatal. Citronella can be mildly noxious, particul… View abstract. Adeneye, A. Mediators.Inflamm. It is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth or applied to the skin short-term for medicinal purposes. Lemon Grass | ASPCA Concentrated essence of lemongrass (essential oil) could be harmful to cats, because unlike people and dogs, they lack certain liver enzymes to break down various compounds that, if not eliminated from the body, could prove to be toxic. Lemongrass essential oil, though, is a different story altogether. View abstract. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;193:517-23. Phytother Res 2005;19(4):303-309. J.Ethnopharmacol. Effect of lemongrass oil on rheumatoid arthritis. © 2005 - 2019 WebMD LLC. Always err on the side of caution; if you suspect a plant is poisonous to your chickens, rid it from […] Native to India and parts of Southeast Asia, west Indian lemon grass is a 2- to 4-foot-tall, tropical, ornamental grass that grows as a perennial in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10 through 11 or zones 8b through 10, depending on the source. This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Wohrl, S., Hemmer, W., Focke, M., Gotz, M., and Jarisch, R. The significance of fragrance mix, balsam of Peru, colophony and propolis as screening tools in the detection of fragrance allergy. Lemongrass is LIKELY SAFE for most people when used in food amounts. A., de Andrade, P. P., da Silva, N. H., and Figueiredo, R. C. Effects of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Lippia sidoides Cham., and Ocimum gratissimum L. on growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. View abstract. Lalko, J. and Api, A. M. Investigation of the dermal sensitization potential of various essential oils in the local lymph node assay. Leite JR, Seabra Mde L, Maluf E, et al. J Agric.Food Chem 4-6-2005;53(7):2511-2517. We currently have no information for LEMONGRASS Interactions. Impact of lemongrass oil, an essential oil, on serum cholesterol. Planta Med 2005;71:484-8. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. Reply. Effects of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. Lemongrass essential oil, however, is a different story. Title 21. Underwritten by United States Fire Insurance Company, Toxic to Dogs, Toxic to Cats, Toxic to Horses, Dogs, cats: Stomach upset; Horses: difficulty breathing, weakness, death (rare). This plant is used widely in Thai foods, and while it isn’t toxic to humans, it can harm dogs, cats and other wildlife. A skin patch test should be done before using this or any essential oil. Lemongrass plants (Cymbopogon citratus) are listed as safe for use in gardens in which dogs have free access. If you think that your animal is ill or may have ingested a poisonous substance, contact your local veterinarian or our 24-hour emergency poison hotline directly at 1-888-426-4435. Logarto, Parra A., Silva, Yhebra R., Guerra, Sardinas, I, and Iglesias, Buela L. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Use of aromatherapy as a complementary treatment for chronic pain. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Essential Oils for Dogs. View abstract. Halabi MF, Sheikh BY. Is Eucalyptus Oil Poisonous to Cats? Fandohan, P., Gnonlonfin, B., Laleye, A., Gbenou, J. D., Darboux, R., and Moudachirou, M. Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats. Dorman HJ, Deans SG. View abstract. Where did you or where do you plan to purchase this product? The lesser-known alternative to catnip and silver vine, valerian also acts as a stimulant on … West Indian lemon grass doesn't repel rodents, but it has several effects on them. Tchoumbougnang, F., Zollo, P. H., Dagne, E., and Mekonnen, Y. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016;100(22):9619-27. View abstract. Essential oils are highly concentrated and lemongrass in particular, is toxic to cats if ingested. 1986;17(1):65-74. J.Ethnopharmacol. Adukwu EC, Bowles M, Edwards-Jones V, Bone H. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and chemical analysis of lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and pure citral. Many fruits are safe for chickens, but the leaves and pits of an apricot contain cyanogenic … Mylinh says. View abstract. Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., and Apiwathnasorn, C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Some species (particularly Cymbopogon citratus) are commonly cultivated as culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of lemons (Citrus limon). Australas.J Dermatol 2002;43(3):211-213. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137(1):828-36. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. Stapf.). One of my favourite oils for a diffuser is lemongrass – is this toxic for dogs? Parasitology 2007;134(Pt 11):1649-1656. For instance, the essential oil from citronella has citral and geraniol that make it be used as an insect repellant. Souza Formigoni, M. L., Lodder, H. M., Gianotti, Filho O., Ferreira, T. M., and Carlini, E. A. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). Molecules 2015;20(5):7438-53. Poisonous Ornamental Grasses. Ohno, T., Kita, M., Yamaoka, Y., Imamura, S., Yamamoto, T., Mitsufuji, S., Kodama, T., Kashima, K., and Imanishi, J. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Helicobacter pylori. View abstract. In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. View abstract. Wright, S. C., Maree, J. E., and Sibanyoni, M. Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet. Did you or will you purchase this product in-store or online? Li CC, Yu HF, Chang CH, Liu YT, Yao HT. View abstract. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for lemongrass. Libyan J Med 2014;9:25431. You can diffuse lemongrass in your home in moderation without harming you cat. B. Antioxidant effects of different extracts from Melissa officinalis, Matricaria recutita and Cymbopogon citratus. Anti-proliferative effect and phytochemical analysis of Cymbopogon citratus extract. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. Reply. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. Vitamins and Supplements to Avoid with Hepatitis C. Quiz: What Do You Know About Vitamin B12 Deficiency? It's been known to kill many a sheep and other livestock. In a research study, extracts and essential oil from lemongrass repelled insects and were effective for at least 2 hours. View abstract. View abstract. Is lemongrass essential oil. Planta Med 2005;71(1):20-23. Available at: https://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Buckle J. When you’re free-ranging chickens, acquaint yourself with the more common ornamentals and edibles that are mildly toxic to poisonous to chickens. View abstract. It seems to be very useful as a natural pest repellent in homes to ward off insects. Lemongrass may also help prevent blood clotting and cancer. J Pharm Sci Res 2017;9(2):237-9. View abstract. 7-25-2007;112(3):440-444. View abstract. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. A., and Viana, G. S. Comparative anticonvulsant activities of the essential oils (EOs) from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Citronella geraniums have deeply lobed, green leaves and small, pinkish or lavender flowers on multiple stems. All rights reserved. Text STOP to opt-out, HELP for more info. View abstract. Dudai N, Weinstein Y, Krup M, et al. List of essential oils used in aromatherapy diffusers that may be toxic to dogs, cats and other pets. View abstract. Silva, M. R., Ximenes, R. M., da Costa, J. G., Leal, L. K., de Lopes, A. Valerian. View abstract. B., Souza, G. E., Sarti, S. J., Santos, Filho D., and Ferreira, S. H. Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. View abstract. What factors influenced or will influence your purchase? Parasitol.Res 2009;104(5):1053-1059. Boukhatem MN, Ferhat MA, Kameli A, Saidi F, Kebir H93T. Shah G, Shri R, Panchal V, Sharma N, Singh B, Mann AS. 2006;23(2):208-212. Nippon Ishinkin.Gakkai Zasshi 2003;44(4):285-291. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:906239. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44(5):739-746. Phytomedicine. The other important consideration is the form of lemongrass your pet consumed. View abstract. Lorenzetti, B. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010;381(5):415-426. View abstract. Apricots. Nat.Prod.Res 2009;23(12):1151-1159. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;34(1):43-48. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182. Avoseh O, Oyedeji O, Rungqu P, Nkeh-Chungag B, Oyedeji A. Cymbopogon species; ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and the pharmacological importance. View abstract. Is Lemongrass poisonous to animals? Other common garden plants that can be deadly are oleander, castor bean, tomato and potato leaves/shoots, sweet pea, irises, and rhododendron. Although two hours might seem less, but the non-toxic nature of lemon grass makes it worth the repeated uses. View abstract. J Ethnopharmacol 1986;17:75-83.
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